The accessibility and affordability of optics for Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and sensing have improved significantly over the last decade, so much so that even newer iPhone Pro models contain a mini LiDAR system. This article looks at lidar principles and applications from the point of view of a sensor manufacturer.
From an article in AZO Materials by Avantier, Inc.
LiDAR was first used in 1961 to track satellites by measuring the time it took for a laser signal to return. In 1971, a LiDAR altimeter was used to map the moon’s surface, but the device was expensive, enormous and produced unimpressive results.
Recent improvements have cemented LiDAR as a key photonic technology with numerous applications ranging from creating maps and interpreting archeological sites to guiding autonomous vehicles.
This article discusses the theory behind LiDAR and the optics required for a successful, high-performance system.
What is LiDAR?
A LiDAR system is the photonic equivalent of radar. Light from a precisely directed, rapid-fire laser is reflected by an object or terrain, and the time of flight calculations are applied to the returning light to reveal the exact distance between two points. This information can then produce detailed 3D models or topographical maps.
Lasers in LiDAR Systems
UV, vis, or NIR lasers can be incorporated into a LiDAR system. The choice depends on the objects being surveyed and the imaging environment.
Non-scientific applications typically require 600-1000 nm lasers, but care must be taken since these wavelengths can damage the human eye.
Er-doped fiber 1550 nm lasers are the favored option in many military applications, as they are relatively safe to the human eye and are not visible in night vision goggles.
These lasers are also used for topography mapping, measuring distance, and obstacle avoidance. However, they rely on InGaAs sensors and are, as a result, more expensive than lower-wavelength lasers.
For underwater and bathymetry applications, a laser with good transmission in pure water and limited backscattering from small seawater particles is required. For such environments, 534 nm frequency-doubled diode-pumped YA lasers are recommended, as they can penetrate water with minimal attenuation.
For airborne topographic mapping, 1064 nm diode-pumped YAG lasers are preferable.
Other laser parameters important to LiDAR setups include pulse repetition rate, laser power consumption, and beam divergence. Users must choose between flash LiDAR, in which the entire field of view is illuminated at once, or more conventional scanning LiDAR, which passes over the field of view point by point.
For the complete article on lidar principles CLICK HERE.
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